Also know as “music theory”, which is actually the harmonic style of 18th century european musicians.
Talks about how “loud” or “quiet” a sound is. The more distance you have from the loudest to the quieter sound, the more dynamic you have in a music. An example of a song with more dynamic range is the Prologue to SotC, that start “mezzo” (half loud) and goes from softer sounds to stronger sounds. Examples of a song with less dynamic range is Lakeside and Revived Power, where the first starts and ends in a low dynamic and the second stays strong all the time.
On a sheet, one may notice some texts on a different font and in italics written as “p”, “mp”, “mf” or “f”, these are measures of “loudness” with “p” (piano) being a soft sound and “f” (forte) being a loud sound. You can say a sound has high amplitude for a loud sound or low amplitude for a quiet sound. There are still softer (”pp”), softest (”ppp”), louder (”ff”) and loudest (”fff”).
Terms that refer to a sound or a group of sounds that start in one dynamic and ends in another, or yet have an abrupt change in dynamic. Crescendo refers to a sound that increases and Diminuendo refers to a sound that decreases in time.
On a sheet, you may encounter a “<” or a “>”. The first means to increase and the second means to decrease.
Talks about how “high” or “low” a sound is. Normally, someone would consider a flute as a “high” instrument and a bass a “low” instrument. You can say a sound has high frequency for high notes or low frequency for low notes.
On a sheet, the height is represented by the lines on a staff. Generally, there are 5 lines for each instrument and the higher the frequency, the higher it is on the staff and the lower its frequency, the lower it is on the staff.